Lipids, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cardiometabolic Disorders: An Integrated Approach

Critical, interconnected biological processes involved in cardiometabolic diseases’ pathophysiology, like atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, include lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Alteration of lipid metabolism, i.e., high Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and low High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), results in lipid oxidation and deposition within vascular tissues. By generating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which damage endothelial function and induce inflammatory signaling, oxidized lipids increase oxidative stress. Chronic inflammation, created through pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated immune cells, creates a vicious cycle of metabolic disease when it further interferes with insulin signaling and lipid homeostasis. Clinically, this investigation supports the use of early oxidative stress assessment, inflammatory screening, and lipid profile to inform risk assessment, preventative care, and treatment strategies. To decipher the multifaceted aetiology of cardiometabolic disease, an integrative strategy is required that accounts for the interplay between oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. Multi-targeting drugs, including lipid-lowering agents, antioxidant supplements, and anti-inflammatory treatments, can retard the progression of the disease, according to new research. Future directions for identifying new biomarkers and treatment targets are provided by omics and systems biology approaches. To develop targeted and efficient prevention and treatment protocols for cardiometabolic diseases, a deep knowledge of these interacting pathways is essential, thus underlining the importance of multidisciplinary investigation and integrative clinical approaches.